Introduction
In this past Lord’s Day sermon, we explored the theme of hard-heartedness, particularly as it appears in the life of Pharaoh. The discussion surrounding Pharaoh’s hard heart often creates tension between advocates of divine sovereignty and those emphasizing human responsibility. Even more, such questions raise concerns about the justice of God in His dealings with Pharaoh. The goal of this post is to address this “Gordian Knot” and clarify how Scripture itself resolves the issue.
The Data
When we come to the topic of Pharaoh’s hard-heartedness, we encounter several expressions describing his response to the plagues. In three instances, Pharaoh is said to harden his own heart; in four instances, Yahweh is said to harden Pharaoh’s heart; and in three others, a stative verb is used — a form that does not indicate an agent of hardening but rather describes a condition, translated as something like: “Pharaoh’s heart was hard.” (NIV)
Here is a breakdown of the data:
- Pharaoh hardens his own heart: 8:15, 8:32, 9:34
- Yahweh hardens Pharaoh’s heart: 9:12, 10:1, 10:20, 11:10
- Pharaoh’s heart was hard: 7:13, 7:22, 8:19, 9:7
The Chronology
One potential way to “cut the knot” is to observe the chronology of these references. The first mention connected with the plagues occurs in Exodus 7:13–14, where we read, “And Pharaoh’s heart was hard…” — notably, no agent is identified in this hardening process.
From that point through the first five plagues, all references to Pharaoh’s hard-heartedness either show him actively hardening his own heart or are of the stative variety (i.e., the text simply reports that his heart was hard). But after the fifth plague, the pattern shifts: subsequent references either explicitly state that Yahweh hardened Pharaoh’s heart or again employ the stative verb form.
What does this chronology communicate? It suggests that Pharaoh is indeed responsible for hardening his own heart against Yahweh’s command. After repeated opportunities to repent, the Lord grants Pharaoh what he persistently desires. Thus, Yahweh is not forcing Pharaoh into hardness but is instead confirming and utilizing Pharaoh’s chosen rebellion to bring about His redemptive purposes.
In this way, the narrative portrays a God who is both sovereign and just — one who can weave even human defiance into the tapestry of His divine plan.
The Romans Problem
How does this reading align with Paul’s discussion in Romans 9 and 11? First, it is crucial to note the implicit comparison Paul draws between Pharaoh and Israel. In these chapters, Paul’s primary concern is the hardening of his own people — Israel — and their rejection of God’s redemptive plan in Christ.
In both cases, Pharaoh and Israel’s hardness does not thwart God’s plan; rather, it serves to advance it. Paul reminds his readers that God’s purposes are never derailed by human rebellion. Instead, even acts of hardness become instruments in His hands to accomplish His will.
Thus, both Pharaoh and Israel remain responsible for their choices, yet God sovereignly uses those very choices to reveal His glory and fulfill His purposes.
Conclusion
Debate over this issue will undoubtedly continue, but two foundational truths must always guide our understanding:
- God is good. Any interpretation of Scripture that casts doubt on God’s goodness or moral integrity must be rejected. As James reminds us, “God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He tempt anyone” (James 1:13).
- Sin arises from human desire. Hard-heartedness, being a form of rebellion, flows from one’s own sinful inclinations (James 1:14).
Given this, let us take warning from Pharaoh’s example. Hard-heartedness is not merely the sin of pagan kings; even God’s people are susceptible. David exhorts his hearers in Psalm 95:8: “Do not harden your hearts, as in the rebellion.”
Be vigilant against the temptation to resist God’s word. Where hardness is found, repent quickly, and entrust yourself again to the Lord who softens hearts and fulfills His gracious purposes.